Titan is the largest moon of Saturn and the second-largest moon in the solar system, after Jupiter's moon Ganymede. It was discovered in 1655 by the Dutch astronomer Christiaan Huygens. Titan has a diameter of about 5,150 kilometers, making it larger than the planet Mercury. It orbits Saturn at a distance of about 1.2 million kilometers and has a thick atmosphere composed mostly of nitrogen, with small amounts of methane and other gases. The atmosphere of Titan is unique in the solar system, as it is the only known atmosphere with a significant amount of nitrogen and the only one known to have a substantial amount of organic molecules. These molecules include hydrocarbons, which are thought to form in Titan's atmosphere and rain down onto its surface, creating rivers, lakes, and seas of liquid methane and ethane. Titan's surface is also unique, as it is mostly obscured by a thick haze layer that makes it difficult to study directly. However, radar and infrared observations have revealed that the surface is marked by mountains, valleys, dunes, and impact craters, as well as the lakes and seas of liquid hydrocarbons. Titan has been visited by the Cassini spacecraft, which made numerous flybys of the moon during its mission. These flybys provided valuable insights into the geology, composition, and atmosphere of Titan and helped to deepen our understanding of the Saturnian system and the formation and evolution of moons in the outer solar system.
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